England & Wales, Crime, Prisons & Punishment, 1770-1935

Admiralty: registers of convicts in prison hulks (Series ADM 6)

These records include details of over 17,600 prisoners for the period 1818-1831. They relate to convicts held in prison hulks Cumberland, Dolphin and Ganymede. Hulks were ships used as floating prisons, often when they were no longer fit for battle but were still afloat.

Central Criminal Court: after-trial calendars of prisoners (Series CRIM 9)

These records include details of almost 176,000 prisoners for the period 1855-1931. The after-trial calendars provide information about prisoners from each trial calendar or session.

Home Office: convicts, miscellanea (Series HO 7)

This series comprises minutes of the House of Commons Committee for West Africa transportation in 1785 and papers and correspondence of the Home Office and the Convict Establishment from 1823 to 1835, which include the returns of deaths of convicts in New South Wales. You will also find reports on the conditions of prisons and hulks in the United Kingdom and the colonies. The records will reveal prisoners’ offences and ages at the time of conviction, as well as a description of their character by the gaoler. For example, we can find that James Gilmour was convicted of theft at the age of 30 and was recorded as ‘wicked, vicious and violent’ by the gaoler.

Home Office: convict hulks, convict prisons and criminal lunatic asylums, quarterly returns of prisoners (Series HO 8)

This set contains almost 1,290,578 records from sworn lists of convicts on board prison hulks between 1801 and 1854.

Home Office: correspondence and warrants (Series HO 13)

There are almost 272,950 records of people mentioned in the correspondence and warrants between 1782 and 1871. The records will usually reveal information related to prisoners’ convictions, trials and sentencing.

Home Office: criminal petitions, part 1 (Series HO 17)

These records provide details of petitions for just over 16,300 people for the period 1817-1858. Convicted criminals, or their family and friends, made a petition when they wanted to revoke or reduce the sentence. Occasionally, the governors of convict prisons recommended prisoners for early release for good behaviour.

Home Office: criminal petitions, part 2 (Series HO 18)

There are just over 19,000 further records concerning petitions in this set. Some petitions have additional documents attached, such as newspaper cuttings or other documentation. It is worth browsing through the connected images as some petitions are quite lengthy documents that will give details of family circumstances and the grounds on which they are hoping to appeal their sentence.

Home Office: register of criminal petitions (Series HO 19)

There are over 77,000 records for the Home Office registers of correspondence relating to criminal petitions. The copied letters will often refer to previous correspondence which may or may not have survived and will usually give the outcome of the appeal.

Home Office: registers of Prisoners from National Prisons lodged in County Prisons 1847-1866 (Series HO 23)

Due to overcrowding in the national prisons, the government had to rent out cells in county prisons. These records hold the details of 13,665 prisoners housed in prisons at Aylesbury, Bath, Leeds, Leicester, Northampton, Nottingham, Preston, Reading, Somerset, and Wakefield between 1847 and 1866.

The registers give the following information about the prisoners: age, marital status and number of children, whether they can read or write, and their trade, as well as when and where they were convicted, what their crime was and sentence, the national prison they had been received from, whether they had any criminal history, and where they were removed to and when.

Home Office: prison registers and statistical returns 1838-1875 (Series HO 24)

There are almost 86,000 records in this set comprising prison registers from Millbank, Parkhurst and Pentonville prisons, as well as annual statistical returns from between 1860 and 1869 for county gaol and juvenile reform schools in England and Wales, arranged by county.

The prison registers provide the following details about each prisoner: age, marital status, and number of children, as well as where the prisoner was received from and when, any previous offences, and where the prisoner was removed to and when. These records are very similar to those of the overflow prisoners kept in county prisons that you will find in HO 23.

Home Office: criminal registers, Middlesex (Series HO 26)

Series HO 26 includes registers of persons with indictable, or chargeable, offences. The registers recorded the person’s alleged offence, sentence in cases of conviction, and dates of execution or transportation. This series comprises registers for only Middlesex from 1787 to 1850. Later registers are included in HO 27.

Home Office: criminal registers, England and Wales (Series HO 27)

Similar to series HO 26, these are registers of persons with chargeable offences from 1805 to 1892. The registers are of offenders, or alleged offenders, from across England and Wales. Until 1850, Middlesex is excluded from this series. With over a million names in the records, you will find individuals charged with larceny, obtaining money by false pretences, housebreaking, embezzlement, horse taking, and much more.

Home Office: judges’ reports on criminals 1784-1830 (Series HO 47)

This collection includes 6,890 records made up of transcripts and images of original letters and reports from trial judges on cases and criminals in which they call for commutation of sentence, free pardons etc. These letters often include details of the family circumstances of criminals as part of the reasons for clemency and so can provide a wealth of insight for detailed research.

Home Office: Newgate Prison calendar 1782-1853 (Series HO 77)

There are almost 339,400 records here from the printed lists of the prisoners to be tried at Newgate, in London. As well as the printed list, from July 1822 onwards there are manuscript additions giving the results of the trials.

Home Office: miscellaneous criminal books 1798-1831 (Series HO 130)

This small set of 888 records contains a calendar of the prisoners at Winchester listed for trial at a Special Commission of Assize after the agricultural riots of 1830. The so-called Swing Riots swept England between 1830 and 1831. Agricultural workers burnt barns and haystacks and destroyed farm machinery in protest at increased mechanisation and low wages. Within the records is the most notorious rioter James Thomas Cooper, who was known as Captain or Lord Hunt. He had organised riots in Hampshire, Wiltshire and Dorset and was executed in Winchester on 15 January 1831.

There is also a report on the trial and a list of the jury with instructions for the challenges in the 1798 case of Rex v. O’Coighly and others. This trial was of United Irishman Father John James O’Coighly of Loughgall in County Armagh and others for their part in the 1798 Irish rebellion. Father O’Coighly was executed on 7 June 1798. The records are for the panelists from whom were chosen the jurors in the trial. They were all significant landowners. The image shows their name, rank or occupation, and comments on whether they were likely to vote with or against the prosecution with notes on their character from the trial judges and barristers. The jurors who were picked are marked with a number in the top left-hand corner of the page. This set also includes prison statistics and regulations covering the years from 1824 to 1826.

Home Office: calendar of prisoners (Series HO 140)

These records include over 630,000 people for the period 1868-1929. The records contain after-trial calendars, which are lists of prisoners tried at assizes and quarter sessions and cover England and Wales, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Prisoners awaiting trial in the Central Criminal Court at the Old Bailey are also included as well as those due to be tried in Admiralty Courts.

Most records include the prisoner’s name, age, profession, and level of education. They also include the name of the magistrate who committed the case to trial, the date of arrival to prison, details of the crime, the name of the trial judge, and the conviction and sentence received.

Home Office and Prison Commission: prison records (Series PCOM 2)

There are over 842,372 records covering records held by the Prison Commission and the Home Office concerning prisons and prisoners. These are a very diverse set of records with records covering prisons all over England and Wales as well as Gibraltar prison and some prison hulks. There are registers of prisoners and habitual criminals including several photograph albums. Calendars of prisoners to be tried at assizes and quarter sessions contain records going back to 1774. Prison records include a wide range of records, which can include minute books, visitors’ books, order books, journals of governors, chaplains and surgeons, and the records for groups of prisoners on work parties. There are extensive records for Pentonville, Chatham, Portsmouth, Millbank, and Wormwood Scrubs prisons, among others. There are also army prisoners held in the Savoy prison in Middlesex.

These records can give an incredibly detailed look at life in prison going far beyond the details of the lawbreakers’ convictions and prisoner numbers.

Home Office and Prison Commission: male licences 1853-1887 (Series PCOM 3)

This set contains almost 36,700 records of male convicts who were granted licences to be at large—meaning allowed out on parole—by the court. There are notes of the licences and also notes of revocation of the licence.

These records include rich details about the convict. You can find out the following information about a convict: marital status and number of children, the name and address of next of kin, profession, and a full physical description, as well as where the convict went upon release from gaol, as well as a photograph of them stuck on the last page.

Home Office and Prison Commission: female licences (Series PCOM 4)

This series consists of 4,435 licenses for female convicts allowed to be released on parole. Each file is rich in detail about the prisoner, her conviction and sentencing, as well as her behaviour in prison. For example, in Julia Hyland’s file we find that she committed numerous infractions while in prison: abusing another prisoner, singing and shouting in the halls, throwing her slops over the floor, attempting to strangle herself, and attacking a medical officer.

Records after 1871 include a photograph of the prisoner. You will also find details of previous convictions, medical history sheets, and notes of letters written to or by the prisoner.

Home Office: old captions and transfer papers (Series PCOM 5)

The records in this set date from 1843 to 1871. These records contain copies of court orders (‘old captions’) for the imprisonment or transportation of prisoners. These are the papers written up by the trial judge and handed to the policemen who were to take the prisoner away to jail after he was convicted. All the paperwork involved in transferring prisoners is here, with individual documents for transfer between prisons and the records for that prisoner while he was in the gaol. There is a huge amount of detail in these records and it is worth browsing through all the available images to find all the separate documents concerning an individual prisoner. The later records even include a full medical history which is extremely unusual. There are also some records concerning prisoners serving their sentence on prison hulks.

Metropolitan Police: criminal record office, habitual criminals' registers and miscellaneous papers (Series MEPO 6)

These records include details of over 151,330 habitual criminals for the period 1881-1936. These are the registers of habitual criminals kept by the police and circulated among the force on a regular basis. They include a detailed physical description noting all distinguishing marks and a full criminal record with notes on whether the convict had been apprehended. Some records are from the Police Gazette appendix which included photographs of some of the prisoners. Also included is a list of 5,824 habitual drunkards from the period 1903 to 1914, which would have been circulated weekly to licensed persons and secretaries of clubs. They usually contain two photographs of each drunkard: face on and profile.

Treasury: departmental accounts, convict hulks (Series T 38)

There are over 158,250 records from the accounts held by the Treasury Department for the various convict hulks around England. There are quarterly accounts here covering the Bellerophon, Justicia, Captivity, Laurel, Leviathan, Portland, Retribution, Prudentia, Stanislaus and Savage between 1804 and 1831, as well as departmental accounts from 1558 to 1937. Quarterly accounts usually list the convicts by name and detail what provisions, bedding and clothing had been provided for them. These records do not generally include details of the convicts’ crime or sentence.